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    August 17

    次級貸款市場(Subprime Market)

    美國的按揭貸款市場大致可以分為三個層次: 優質貸款市場(Prime Market) ALT-A”貸款市場,和次級貸款市場(Subprime Market)

    次級市場總規模大致在13000億美元左右, 其中有近半數的人沒有固定收入的憑證,這些人的總貸款額在5000-6000億美元之間。顯然,這是一個高風險的市場,其回報率也較高,它的按揭貸款利率大約比基準利率高2-3% 次級房貸和ALT-A貸款這兩類資產毒垃圾的總額為2萬億美元. 這些資產毒垃圾必須從美國銀行系統的資產帳目表上剝離掉, 否則後患無窮 怎樣剝離呢? 就是通過我們經常講的資產證券化。華爾街有句名言, 如果要增加未來的現金流, 就把它做成證券. 如果想經營風險,就把它做成證券。其實, 金融創新的本質就是, 只要能夠透支的, 都可以在今天就想辦法讓它變

     

    但是,正規機構不能買,並不等於沒有人買,相反,正是因為其高風險, 所以回報也比較高, 華爾街的一些從事高風險的投資銀行——例如高盛等一眼就看中了這些資產毒垃圾的潛在高投資回報。

     

        於是,一些投資銀行開始介入這一高危的資產領域。 

     

        投資銀行家們首先將“毒垃圾”級別的MBS債券按照可能出現拖欠的幾率切割成不同的幾塊(Tranche), 這就是所謂的CDO(Collateralized Debt Obligations)債務抵押憑證。其中風險最低的叫“高級品CDO”(Senior tranche, 大約占80%), 投行們用精美禮品盒包裝好, 上紮金絲帶。風險中等的叫 “中級品CDO” ( Mezzanine, 大約占10% ), 也被放到禮品盒裡, 然後紮上銀絲帶。風險最高的叫“普通品CDO”( Equity, 大約占10%), 被放到有銅絲帶的禮品盒裡. 經過華爾街投資銀行這樣一番打扮, 原先醜陋不堪的資產毒垃圾立刻變得熠熠生輝光彩照人。

     

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